In IPv4, hosts must make a best-effort attempt to reassemble fragmented IP packets with a total reassembled size of up to 576 bytes. Though the header formats are different for IPv4 and IPv6, analogous fields are used for fragmentation, so the same algorithm can be reused for IPv4 and IPv6 fragmentation and reassembly. Instead, network equipment is required to deliver any IPv6 packets or packet fragments smaller than or equal to 1280 bytes and IPv6 hosts are required to determine the optimal MTU through Path MTU Discovery before sending packets. ![]() Although originators may produce fragmented packets, IPv6 routers do not have the option to fragment further. Under IPv4, a router that receives a network packet larger than the next hop's MTU has two options: drop the packet if the Don't Fragment (DF) flag bit is set in the packet's header and send an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) message which indicates the condition Fragmentation Needed (Type 3, Code 4), or fragment the packet and send it over the link with a smaller MTU. The fragmentation takes place on two levels: in the first one the maximum transmission unit is 4000 bytes, and in the second it is 2500 bytes. ![]() An example of IPv4 multiple fragmentation. IPv4 and IPv6 differences The fragmentation algorithm in IPv4. Reassembly is intended to happen in the receiving host but in practice, it may be done by an intermediate router, for example, network address translation (NAT) may need to reassemble fragments in order to translate data streams. If a receiving host receives a fragmented IP packet, it has to reassemble the packet and pass it to the higher protocol layer. The Identification field along with the foreign and local internet address and the protocol ID, and Fragment offset field along with Don't Fragment and More Fragments flags in the IP header are used for fragmentation and reassembly of IP packets. RFC 815 describes a simplified reassembly algorithm. RFC 791 describes the procedure for IP fragmentation, and transmission and reassembly of IP packets. The details of the fragmentation mechanism, as well as the overall architectural approach to fragmentation, are different between IPv4 and IPv6. ![]() The fragments are reassembled by the receiving host. IP fragmentation is an Internet Protocol (IP) process that breaks packets into smaller pieces (fragments), so that the resulting pieces can pass through a link with a smaller maximum transmission unit (MTU) than the original packet size. An example of the fragmentation of a protocol data unit in a given layer into smaller fragments. Not to be confused with fragmentation of the IPv4 address space.
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